Detoxification of Bee Venomīee venom and ethanol (1:4 weight ratio) were mixed and filtered through filter paper 20 (Hyundai Micro, South Korea). 480 s activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), no less than 100 IU/mg activity of hyaluronidase, no less than 70 IU/mg apamin concentration, ≥ 2%, PLA2 concentration, ≥ 12% melittin concentration, ≥ 50%. 10% total ash content, < 2% authenticity (hemolysis period), max. The bee venom has the following brief characteristics: loss of mass when dried, max. The bee venom used in this experiment was from Georgian bees and as purchased from New Technology Laboratory LTD, Georgia ( ). In addition, we confirmed the antioxidant effect, cytotoxicity, effect on inflammatory cytokine release, effect on phosphorylation of IκBα, and effect on β-hexosaminidase release of detoxified bee venom (Table 1). In this study, detoxified bee venom was prepared by removing toxicity while maintaining anti-inflammatory activity of bee venom. In particular, cytokine storms have appeared in severely ill patients with COVID-19, a phenomenon in which normal cells are attacked due to excessive inflammatory reactions. However, excessive inflammatory reactions in abnormal situations can cause various diseases such as cancer, vasculitis, and myocarditis. Inflammatory reactions play an essential role in the survival of the body in an environment that threatens it. These pro-inflammatory cytokines activate immune cells involved in inflammation, play a role in increasing angiogenesis and vascular permeability, and participate in the activity of macrophages. When the inflammatory reaction is stimulated by trigger substances, phagocytes recognize the stimulus through surface receptors and activate signaling pathways through transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Depending on the duration, inflammation can be divided into acute inflammation, which occurs over several minutes, and chronic inflammation, which occurs over months to years. The inflammatory reaction rapidly removes pathogenic factors or regenerates damaged tissues, after harmful substances invade a living body or in metabolic disorders and various traumas. Despite the strong pharmacological effects of bee venom, studies on potential beneficial effects have not been conducted much, and studies are needed to overcome these limitations. Serious side effects, such as anaphylaxis, which can lead to death in severe cases, limit the use of bee venom. However, the ingredients of bee venom are also stimulants that cause an inflammatory reaction. Moreover, various studies have shown the antimicrobial and anticancer effects of bee venom, particularly its strong anti-inflammatory activity. Traditional therapy using bee venom has been used to prevent and treat various diseases in humans. The main component of bee venom is melittin, and there are reports of its pharmacological effects. In conclusion, detoxification of bee venom efficiently decreases the adverse effects, making it suitable for medicinal applications.īee venom is a poison that bees secrete from the tips of bee stings to protect their colonies. Taken together, the results indicated that compared to bee venom, detoxified bee venom exhibited decreased cytotoxicity and allergenicity and increased anti-inflammatory activity. Treatment of the detoxified bee venom inhibited inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression, IκBα phosphorylation, and β-hexosaminidase release. Degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells was analyzed through β-hexosaminidase release assay to confirm the allergenic activity of bee venom and detoxified bee venom. The anti-inflammatory activity of detoxified bee venom and bee venom were assessed by comparison of the expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA and phosphorylation of IκBα in RAW 264.7 cells. Detoxified bee venom showed a strong antioxidant activity and decreased a cytotoxicity in MCF 10A and RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, cytotoxicity was confirmed in MCF 10A and RAW 264.7 cells, using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assay. To compare the efficacy of bee venom and detoxified bee venom, we examined their antioxidant effects using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. In this study, we hydrolyzed melittin, the main component of bee venom, and removed the other components to eliminate the toxicity of bee venom. Therefore, there is a need for research that can remove the cytotoxicity of bee venom and enhance its efficacy. However, the use of bee venom has shown adverse effects. Bee venom is a medicinal product that is widely used in traditional therapies owing to its excellent anti-inflammatory activity.
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